Tool-Based Verification: Calculators, Databases, APIs The most valuable shift in applied AI is not that models can talk. It is that models can participate in workflows where truth is checked outside the model. Tool-based verification turns language generation into a controlled interface layer. Instead of trusting a model’s internal guess about a number, a record, […]

Vector Database Indexes: HNSW, IVF, PQ, and the Latency-Recall Frontier Vector databases exist because “nearest neighbor” is easy to say and expensive to do at scale. The moment you have millions of vectors, high dimensionality, filters, and real latency targets, brute force similarity becomes a cost sink. Indexes are the bridge between semantic search as […]